Today’s blog is a comment on the following article about the tapping of underground heat for the General Theological Seminary of the Episcopal Church in Manhattan, published on the New York Time’s website earlier today. The article raises some interesting issues in my opinion. Firstly this project again demonstrates the willingness for organisations to embrace the need to extract free energy from environment, in this instance the ground. This seems to be a growing and encouraging trend. For them it makes good economic sense even though the final budget more than doubled, and therefore the payback time also, finally at 19 years. As the Seminal has already been around for 200 years this cost and payback period still seems reasonable. Layered onto the fact that after this there costs will effectively be zero for fuel for them this all bares well.
However the article does raise some interesting counter questions. The problem I see with this project is the depth that the shafts need to be drilled, 1500 to 1800 feet through clearly very hard rock. This is probably one of the main reasons that the project costs escalated so much. There are only a handful of organisations that can stand projects going so far over budget, and these usually only government departments, or religious groups .
The big worry for me if I had commissioned the project would be the ongoing maintenance costs of the shafts. The drillers experienced drift of up to 35 feet by the end of the shaft during sinking, and many of the additional costs to the project allude to certain government departments having similar fears over the stability of such deep shafts, insisting on expensive monitoring equipment. Any shift could block or damage the shaft so it is ineffective, and the cost of rectifying such faults would be significant.
This is clearly a special building with its own challenges and I have great respect for all involved for pulling it off. It would be interesting to do a cost comparison now comparing the costs of the project with providing the same output requirements from super efficient air source heat pumps, our technology is already demonstrating remarkable results at operating temperatures down to minus 35 centigrade.
Calyenty is a manufacturer of air source heat pumps for swimming pools and domestic hot water and central heating
New York Times Nov18th 2008
Contemplating Heaven, but Drilling Deep Down

Dining in the newly heated/cooled Seminary.
For millions of years, invisible streams of water have run deep in the earth below Manhattan at a constant temperature of 65 degrees, a source of energy that seems beyond exhaustion — and beyond reach. But eight months ago, a seminary in Chelsea began to pump water from those streams to heat its buildings in the winter and cool them in the summer.
“It’s forever noiseless, forever pollution-less, forever carbon-free,” said Maureen Burnley, the executive vice president of the General Theological Seminary of the Episcopal Church.
For the seminary, and now about 60 other places in Manhattan, the unseen bounty of the earth is being harvested by geothermal pumps. Manhattan is geologically suited for these deep wells. From a depth of 1,500 to 1,800 feet, the pumps deliver the consistently moderate temperatures of underground water to the surface, where it works like a refrigerant. It carries energy.
“In the summer, you take the heat from the buildings and put it in the ground,” Ms. Burnley said. “In the winter, you take the relative warmth of the ground and put it in the buildings.”
The challenge has been the hardness or density of the substrat and the depth required to drill.
So far, General Theological has drilled seven wells — or 150 to 180 stories deep, at least. The seminary has plans for 15 more. When the project is complete, it will be the largest system of geothermal pumps in the Northeast, said Carl Orio, the chairman of Water Energy Distributors, a consultant and contractor that worked on the project.
About five years ago, hthe Seminary commissioned a study on its physical plant, which was expensive to heat and impossible to cool.
“We wanted to come into the 21st century,” Ms. Burnley said. “We skipped the 20th century altogether. Thomas Edison himself wired this campus. We’ve got Edison Electric plaques all over the place.”
The initial plans did not call for geothermal pumps, but the seminary’s consultants recommended that they be considered. Conventional heating and cooling systems have a much lower installation cost, but require fuel. A study projected that the pumps would take about 9 years to pay for themselves after the entire system was installed. Now, the projection is 19 years.
“Because we’ve been here 200 years, this investment makes sense,” Ms. Burnley said. “It won’t be the five-year return on investment that businesses want, but that’s fine. We’re going to be around.”
To reach the 65-degree water, the seminary drilled far below the city’s Third Water Tunnel, which is about 500 feet down, and far below Cameron’s Line, the point where an oceanic plate smashed into the prehistoric North American continent.
The first phase of the project was estimated to cost $6 million, but ended up costing $9 million for heating and cooling capacity in 80,000 of the buildings’ 260,000 square feet, according to Dennis Frawley, who managed the project for the seminary.
The increase was almost entirely the result of monitoring demanded by various arms of 10 government agencies that were involved in oversight, he said. Some neighbors worried that the drilling would cause earthquakes. The city was particularly concerned about damage to its water tunnel.
“When we were first getting started, we had drilling companies that said, ‘You can start a well on 20th Street and by the time you get down 1,500 feet, you’ve drifted to 21st Street,’ ” Mr. Frawley said. “We were allowed 3 degrees of tolerance — we couldn’t drift more than 75 feet on 1,500. Some of our wells drifted 10 feet, some were 20 feet. The worst was a well that drifted 35 feet.”
Underground water in Manhattan flows generally to the south, said Frederick Stumm, a scientist with the United States Geological Survey who has done extensive mapping of the island to help the city plan the Third Water Tunnel.
“The rock has been sort of brutalized by continental collisions,” Mr. Stumm said. “The rock has been under stress over the years, and it creates patterns of fractures in the rock.” Ground water finds its way down into these fractures, which form a network.
And it’s not just water down there. “We encountered rubies at about 1,000 feet,” Ms. Burnley said.
The rubies, said Mr. Frawley, were formed into the rock. “Nothing in the way of a large scale,” he said. “We weren’t turning the seminary into the ‘Deadwood’ movie set.”
For precious gems, “it’s easier to go to Macy’s,” Ms. Burnley said.
E-mail: dwyer@nytimes.com
Calyenty is developing heat pump technology that extracts energy from the air and the ground from a depth of just 5m.
Calyenty is a manufacturer of air source heat pumps for swimming pools and domestic hot water and central heating